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Ceramic soluble salts.
If the ceramic is subjected to cycles of drying and wetting the salt compounds will crystallize and mobilize alternatively producing severe pressures on the ceramic body from within the pores ultimately.
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Barium carbonate can be used to precipitate the salts inside the clay matrix so they do not come to the surface on drying.
In high humidity salts become soluble and in low humidity they crystallize.
When soluble salts are present within the ceramic structure at a percentage considered threatening the conservator must remove them.
Soluble salts respond to changes in humidity both high and low.
The changing from soluble to crystallization and back damages the surface of the ceramic because salt crystals are larger than liquid salt and therefore will shrink and expand the ceramic body.
The water dissolves the salt and draws it out of the ceramic.
The most common method of removal is by soaking the ceramic in deionized water for extended periods of time.
This problem is common in many terra cotta materials but can also surface in others.
This terra cotta clay vitrifies here at 1957f cone 03.